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I.  Traditional journals migrate online (Early 90s’)

Cause: 

• Because its there.
• Leverage significant strengths of non-linear functions .. hyperlinking, full text searching

Effect:

• Paper-inspired model, same publication and peer-review process
• Retains and enhances Subscriber-pays model
• A radical change when it comes to access, but not a radical change in the publication model itself

Example: A print journal that publishes an exact replica online

II. Traditional Paper models becoming unsustainable (swapped OA heading for cost idea)

Cause:

• Library budgets either flat or in decline
• Movement led by libraries subscribing to STM (science/technology/medicine) titles which they could no longer afford
• Call for publicly-funded research to be made freely available
• LIbraries supporting their scholars research can not afford to buy it back

Effect:

• Open access journals begin to emerge (date?)
• Retains quality-control of traditionally-published journals (peer-review, editorial board) but journals are free
• Author-pays model instead of subscriber-pays model

Example: BioMed Central

III. Quantity of available research explodes prompting new access and organization paradigm

Cause:

• Quantity of research is constantly growing; journals on new topics being started all of the time (moved from above category)
• Need for Speed: Emerged in response to the need to speed dissemination of research
• Ease of publication

Effect:

• Subject archives emerge
• Publish e-prints which includes pre-prints (not yet peer reviewed) or post-prints (peer reviewed)
• Author deposits paper into the archive (self-archiving)

Example: arXiv.org

 
IV. Taking Back the Rightful Ownership

Cause:

• New avenues for dissemination authors have publication alternatives
• Opportunities for new research sharing mechanisms
• Technology encourages and facilitates collaboration

Effect:

• Institutional repositories emerge (date?)
• Encouraged by SPARC report in 2002; access improved through development of OAI metadata protocol
• A place to publish and archive the research output of an institution
• Undermines concept that value is derived from the place where an item is placed/published
• Issues of authority

Example: ?

——————————-

???
 
Experimentation with media to see what it can do

• Focused primarily on the opportunities that digital media provide
• Example: Perseus/Vectors/Google Earth projects, or something along those lines

 
Social networking tools

• Emerged more recently as a tool for scholarly communication
• Example: maybe use example from Media Res (CSI video and Chad’s essay)

 ——————————-

History of academic publishing and the results (or why we are where we are)
http://library.kent.ac.uk/library/papers/jwts/develop.htm

“Most of the results of scientific, technical and medical (STM) research are published as papers or articles in refereed journals. These journals have developed over time to a standard model. The researcher submits a prospective paper to a journal relevant to the topic. The editorial board of that journal checks for relevance and basic quality. The articles that pass this test are sent to referees who assess it for overall quality. They may reject it, accept it with changes, or accept it as is. Accepted papers are copy-edited to improve appearance, readability, etc. The article is then collected together with others and published in an issue of the journal. All of this has been influenced by the model of publishing required by the paper-based journal. For example the logistics of the paper journal give rise to the ‘issue’. There is nothing in the design of the research paper that requires that it be published as part of an issue. The need to co-ordinate the activities of editors, referees, printers, distributors, marketing departments, etc, has given rise to the ‘publisher’. In order to recover the cost of operating this organisation the publisher usually requires the writer of the paper to pass copyright in the paper to the publishing company. Finally the publisher sells subscriptions to the journal to cover the production and distribution cost and to make a profit. Thus we have the rather odd situation that the writer (researcher) gives away the rights of the paper for free then he/she needs to be a subscriber (that is, to pay) to read the journal in which it is published. The whole academic journal publishing industry is based on the fact the producers (researchers) of the goods (papers) give them away in exchange for dissemination and then have to buy access back in the form of subscriptions.”

Once upon a time

There were Traditonal Paper-Based Research/Scholarship ..

[image]

• The content of these journals were sanctioned, published, and peer reviewed by credible external entities such as scholarly societies, research institutions, or government agencies
• The content was presented in accepted scholarly formats of research papers, reports, conference/symposia presentations, and independent research
• The content relied on a textual expression of valid data produced by a tested, measurable, information gathering process.  The result of which, provided new insight to an idea or process that quoted, extended, built upon or altered the work of others.
• The content often provided points of visual reference which included images, graphs, charts, statistical presentations, etc.
• The sponsoring agency sanctioned the validity and relevance of the content primarily by peer review
• The presentation was published in bound paper entities of soft or hard covered containers at regular or irregular intervals based on established criteria
• The presentation included clear authority or authorship responsible for the content as well as clear attribution where the work of others was used in its arguments.
• The sponsoring agency distributed the publication to its members and subscribers for a price.

—————

Then came the Internet

And it became possible for credible external entities to …

• Leverage a faster wider network of peer review and validation opprtunities
• Improve upon traditional scholarly presentation formats to illustrate and reinforce textual and abstract content in more efficient, non-linear, multimodal ways
• Easier to access and gather information from more sources
• Easier to test, measure and validate data, using computational systems
• Invites the opportunity to store, reuse and share oft discarded raw data
• Cheaper to produce
• Easier to distribute to members and subscribers or make available to all
• Easier to reproduce, extend, quote, alter
• Barriers to frequency of publication may be removed
• Opportunities to enhance referential and supporting content through sound, video, advanced imaging and simulation presentation
• Opportunity to reconsider (not abandon) matters of authority and atribution and leverage the significant power of collaboration
• Opportunity for good work to spread faster and quantify actual usage post-publication

———-
We might ask ourselves ..

1. Is the publisher/sanctioning agency credible? What is this threshold?
   
2. Is the scholarship Peer Reviewed? – and how? (traditional, comments, open PR)
   
3. Is authority for the work and supporting references well established?  Does it need to be? (collaboration, community)
   
4. Does this scholarship gain from presentation and distribution in an electronic format?
   (visually, functionally, accuracy, usability, accessibilty, financially, data reuse, etc.?)
   
5. Would this research flourish if it were available free to all? 

—-

So what actually happened in scholarly publication…

Publishers began testing the waters:

• Journals built online versions of their journals
• Authors retained their rights to their research and distributed where and how they wish
• Presentation of Scholarship incorporating new media formats

A Crisis of Costs spurred:

• Some Journals have migrated to online-only versions of their journals
• Libraries resist duplication, cut paper titles, and invest in online access.  Several Institutions move to Online-Only (name them)
• Thousands of new online peer reviewed journals have been created

Innovations occurred

• New models of Peer review evolved
• New models of publication emerges and expands beyond societies and institutions to larger discipline-centric scholarly “portals” (
• Repositories of related research is gathered and organized in new places and new ways. (BioCentral)
• Institutional repositories or Pseudo-University Presses emerge (MIT)
• Peer Reviewed Open Access Electronic Journals makes a big

Final Ponder… What has changed?  Which should we emphasize? 

Process of Electronic Pubishing
How it alters content

Samples

Ejournal Only Peer Reviewed Titles

Chemical educator

Catalysis Surveys from Japan

Levittown and Mass Amateurization

Levittown Memorial HS Alumni
Growing up in Levittown
Levittown Roller Rink

Social Network

Facebook

- leads to related groups and their discussion and photos

Personal memories
Relevant questions

Groups

Halloween lived in LEVITTOWN, NY

Group:

St. Bernard’s Catholic School (Levittown, NY)

Size:

265 members

Discovery – Levittown, Puerto Rico

Ideas for Scholes on Return

Web

New Books
Twitter – Libns .. quick notes, announcements

* Notes

1. Footnote formats from Crawford
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Introduction – Thesis

Methodology and Experiment

• - Crawford – p3. Use quote from¹
• - try to make sense ¹
• - try allow myself to fail
• - conversations continue e-version on wp-commenting theme/ ebook /
• - continutiy w/ mashup

Case in point:

• - more will read blog post more than will ever read this book¹

Chapter on Twitter – “keep it short”

——–
¹ p.3 Crawford